Views of College Lecturers on the Integration of Music, Art and Design and Physical Education into Expressive Arts in Zambia: An Exploratory Study
Keywords:
Arts integration, Expressive arts, Colleges of Education, Zambia
Abstract
The concerns of an overloaded curriculum persisted in Zambia’s education system as far back as 1992. This lasted until 2002 when the number of subjects was reduced from 11 to 5 in primary schools and from fourteen to six in colleges of education. The study established lecturers’ views on the integration of music, art and design and physical education subjects into expressive arts in colleges of education in Zambia in order to gain insights on prospects and challenges of how the process of integration was done and its implications on the subjects involved. A qualitative approach was adopted for the study in order to gain an understanding of arts integration through the views of college lecturers who train primary school teachers. Twenty-four lecturers were conveniently selected from ten colleges of education. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed along common themes that arose from participants narratives. The findings revealed that college lecturers saw arts integration as the merging of three subjects into one, a combination of more than two subjects that are related to one another in a number of ways such a s having similar competencies, and merging them into topics. The study reported some benefits and prospects of arts integration as ranging from according lessons a more practical approach, enhancing creativity among leaners, promoting transfer of learning, to supporting collaboration among lecturers and learners. Further, it was found that there were a number of challenges to arts integration ranging from time constraint, lack of human resource, lack of teaching and learning materials to limited knowledge to teach subjects as integrated. The study concluded that lecturers lacked a philosophical understanding of integration and were largely unable to integrate the subjects as expressive arts in actual teaching.References
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28. Harlin, R., & Brown, S. (2007). Issues in education: an arts-integrated approach for elementary level students. Childhood Education, 83, 172-174.
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34. Lackey, L. (2016). Arts integration and school reform. Arts Education Policy Review, 117(4), 183–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2016.1213124
35. LaJevic, L. (2013). Arts Integration: What is really happening in the elementary. Journal for learning through the arts, 9(1).
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37. Loeb, S., Dynarski, S., McFarland, D., Morris, P., Reardon, S., & Reber, S. (2017). Descriptive analysis in education: A guide for researchers. (NCEE 2017-4023). Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Centre for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance. Pdf.
38. McKean, B. (2002). Artistic representations in three fifth-grade social studies textbooks. The Elementary School Journal, 103, 187-197.
39. Short, G. (2001). Arts-based school reform: a whole school studies one painting. Art Education, 54(3), 6-11.
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41. Ministry of Education. (1996). Educating our future: National policy on education. Lusaka: Zambia Educational Publishing House.
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47. Richerme, L.K. (2020). Every Student Succeeds Act and social emotional learning: opportunities and considerations for P-12 arts educators. Arts Education Policy Review. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.202.1787284.
48. Rinne, L., Gregory, E., Yarmolinskaya, J., & Hardiman, M. (2011). Why arts integration improves long-term retention of content. Mind, Brain, and Education, 5 (2), 89-96.
49. Robinson, H. R. (2013). Arts integration and the success of disadvantaged students: A research evaluation. Arts Education Policy Review, 114, 191-204. doi:10.1080/10632913.2013.826050.
50. Sabar and Shafriri (2006). The Need for teacher training in curriculum development. Journal of In-Service Education, 8 (1), 22-27.
51. Scripps, L., & Paradis, L. (2014). Embracing the burden of proof: New strategies for determining predictive links between arts integration teacher professional development, student arts learning, and student academic achievement outcomes. Journal for Learning Through the Arts, 10(1), 1-18.
52. Silverstein, L.B. & Layne, S. (n.d.) What Is arts integration? Retrieved from https://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/educators/how-to/arts-integration/what-is-arts-integration#background.
53. Silverstein, B and Layne, S. (2010). Approaches to Arts and Education. Washington, DC: Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.
54. Stack, Y. (2007). ArtsSmart at Caslan School: A longitudinal case study. Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada: Society for the Advancement of Excellence in Education.
55. Tyler CW & Likova LT. (2012). The role of the visual arts in the enhancing the learning process. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 Feb 8;6:8. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00008. PMID: 22347854; PMCID: PMC3274761.
56. Teaching Council of Zambia. (2020). 2020-2021 Colleges of Education Accreditation Register.
57. Upitis, R., & Smithrin, K. (2003). Learning through the arts: National assessment 1999-2002. Final report to the Royal Conservatory of Music. Toronto, ON: Royal Conservatory of Music.
58. Van der Veen, J. (2012). Draw your physics homework? Art as a path to understanding in physics teaching. American Educational Research Journal, 49(2), 356–407. https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0002831211435521.
59. Vega, V. (2012 a). Social and emotional research review. Schools that work: Edutopia. http://www.edutopia.org/sel-research-learning-outcomespia.org.
60. Wintemberg, R. (2017). 5 Misconceptions About Arts Integration. SchoolArts, 116 (6), p.8-9.
2. An, S., Capraro, M. M., & Tillman, D. A. (2013). Elementary teachers integrate music activities into regular mathematics lessons: Effects on students’ mathematical abilities (EJ1018326). ERIC. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1018326.pdf
3. Beane, J. (2005). A reason to teach: Creating classrooms of dignity and hope-The power of democratic way.
4. Bell, B. Theorising Teaching (2010). Waikato Journal of Education, 15 (2).
5. Brophy, J., & Alleman, J. (1991). A caveat: Curriculum integration isn’t always a good ideal. Education Leadership Forum, 42(2).
6. Brown, D., & Knowles, T. (2014). What every middle school teacher should know (3rd ed.). Postsmouth: Heinemann.
7. Burnaford, G., Brown, S., Doherty, J., & McLaughlin, J. (2007). Arts integration frameworks, research and practice: A literature review.
8. Burton, J., Horowitz, R., & Abeles, H. (1999). Learning in and through the arts: Curriculum implications. In Champions of change: The impact of the arts on learning (pp. 35–46). Columbia: Columbia University.
9. Carrier, S., Gray, P., Wiebe, E. N., & Teachout, D. (2011). Biomusic in the classroom: interdisciplinary elementary science and music curriculum development. School Science and Mathematics, 111, 425,434.
10. Catterall, J.S., Chapleau, R., & Iwanga, J. (1999). Involvement in the Arts and Human Development: General involvement and intensive involvement in music and theater arts in E. Fiske (Ed.) Champions of Change: The impact of the arts on learning (p. 1-18).
11. Chicago Public Schools. (2021). Chicago: Department of Arts Education. Available at http://www.cpsarts.org/teachers/arts-instructional-resources/arts-integration-toolkit/, Accessed on 18/01/2021.
12. Deasy, R.J. (2002). Critical Links: Learning in the Arts and Student Academic and Social Development. Washington, DC: Arts Education Partnership.
13. Drake, S. M and Reid, J. (2018). Integrated Curriculum as an effective way to teach 21st century capabilities. Asia Pacific Journal of Educational Research, 2018. 1(1) 31-50.
14. Drake, S. M., Savage, M., Reid, J., Bernard, M., & Beres, J. (2015, Nov) An exploration of the policy and practice of transdisciplinarity in the IB PYP programme. The Hague: International Baccalaureate. http://www.ibo.org/globalassets/publications/ib-research/pyp/an-exploration-of-the-policy-and-practice-of-transdisciplinarity-in-the-pyp-final-report.pdf.
15. Duran, E., Duran, L. B., & Worch, E. A. (2009). Papier-mâché animals: an integrating theme for elementary classrooms. Science Education Review, 8(1), 19-29.
16. European Union. (2020). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/societal-challenges.
17. Farrant, J.S. (1964). Principles and Practice of Education. Singapore: Longman Education Texts.
18. Fiske, E. B. (Ed.) (1999). Champions of Change: The Impact of the Arts on Learning. Arts Education Partnership.
19. Fullan, M. (2013). Stratosphere. Toronto, ON: Pearson.
20. Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice. New York: Basic Books.
21. Gelineau, R. P. (2012). Integrating the Arts across the Elementary School Curriculum. Belmont CA: Wadsworth.
22. Gustlin, D. Z. (2012). Why can’t we Paint in Math Class? Integrating Art into the Core Curriculum: Masterclass Work.
23. Hancock, D.R. & Wright, S.W. (2018). Enhancing early Childhood Development through Arts Integration in Economically Disadvantaged Learning Environments. Urban Review, 50, 430-446.
24. Hardimana, M.M., JohnBulla, R.M., Deborah T. Carrana, D.T. & Amy Shelton, A. (2019). The effects of arts integrated instruction on memory for science content. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 14. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331002552. Accessed Jan 16 2021.
25. Hardimana, M., Rinne,L.F. & Yarmolinskaya, J. (2014). The Effects of Arts Integration on Long-Term Retention of Academic Content. Mind Brain and Education 8 (3). Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331002552. Accessed Jan 16 2021.
26. Hardiman, M., Rinne, L., & Yarmolinskaya, J. (2014). The effects of arts integration on long-term retention of academic content. Mind, Brain, and Education, 8, 144-148. doi:10.1111/mbe.12053.
27. Harriosn Phiri & Zanzini Ndhlovu (2019). Zambia Journal of Teacher Professional Growth (ZJTPG). 5(1), 20 – 29. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343254833_Perceptions_of_Teachers_on_Integrating_of_Art_and_Design_in_the_Teaching_and_Learning_of_Mathematics_at_Lower_Primary_School_Level_in_Chipata_District \[accessed Sep 19 2021].
28. Harlin, R., & Brown, S. (2007). Issues in education: an arts-integrated approach for elementary level students. Childhood Education, 83, 172-174.
29. Jackson, N. (2003). Nurturing creativity through an imaginative curriculum. Learning Matters, 11, 1-3.
30. James, C. S. (2005). Conversation and Silence: Transfer of learning through the arts. Journal for Learning through the Arts, 1(1).
31. Kalinde, B. (2013). The implications of arts integration for music education: In Zambian basic schools and teacher colleges of education. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing.
32. Kasapo, A. (2008). Report on the Teaching of Practical Subjects as expressive arts in colleges.
33. Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd revised edition edn.). New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.
34. Lackey, L. (2016). Arts integration and school reform. Arts Education Policy Review, 117(4), 183–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2016.1213124
35. LaJevic, L. (2013). Arts Integration: What is really happening in the elementary. Journal for learning through the arts, 9(1).
36. Lee, L. (2019, November 8). Transforming a school through arts integration: Structuring a school around the arts can help students excel academically and develop social and emotional skills. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/transforming-schoolthrough-arts-integration.
37. Loeb, S., Dynarski, S., McFarland, D., Morris, P., Reardon, S., & Reber, S. (2017). Descriptive analysis in education: A guide for researchers. (NCEE 2017-4023). Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Centre for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance. Pdf.
38. McKean, B. (2002). Artistic representations in three fifth-grade social studies textbooks. The Elementary School Journal, 103, 187-197.
39. Short, G. (2001). Arts-based school reform: a whole school studies one painting. Art Education, 54(3), 6-11.
40. Millar, R. (2004). The role of practical work in the teaching and learning of science. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences.
41. Ministry of Education. (1996). Educating our future: National policy on education. Lusaka: Zambia Educational Publishing House.
42. Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development Centre. (2003). Zambia Basic Education Syllabi Grades 1-7. Lusaka: Curriculum Development Center.
43. Ministry of Education: Educational Statistical Bulletin. (2008). Lusaka: Directorate of Planning and Information.
44. Mubita, B., Nyirenda, J., Nayame, J., Kakanda., M., & Muyunda, A. (2005). Factors affecting music education in Zambian government schools and the community. In A. Herbst (Ed.), Emerging Solutions for Musical Arts Education in Africa (pp. 54-63). Cape Town: African Minds.
45. Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Sage.
46. Railey, H., Best, J., & Wolff, K. (2018). Preparing Educators and School Leaders for Effective Arts Integration. Retrieved from Education Commission of the States. https://www.ecs.org/preparing-educators-and-school-leaders-for-effective-arts-integration/.
47. Richerme, L.K. (2020). Every Student Succeeds Act and social emotional learning: opportunities and considerations for P-12 arts educators. Arts Education Policy Review. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.202.1787284.
48. Rinne, L., Gregory, E., Yarmolinskaya, J., & Hardiman, M. (2011). Why arts integration improves long-term retention of content. Mind, Brain, and Education, 5 (2), 89-96.
49. Robinson, H. R. (2013). Arts integration and the success of disadvantaged students: A research evaluation. Arts Education Policy Review, 114, 191-204. doi:10.1080/10632913.2013.826050.
50. Sabar and Shafriri (2006). The Need for teacher training in curriculum development. Journal of In-Service Education, 8 (1), 22-27.
51. Scripps, L., & Paradis, L. (2014). Embracing the burden of proof: New strategies for determining predictive links between arts integration teacher professional development, student arts learning, and student academic achievement outcomes. Journal for Learning Through the Arts, 10(1), 1-18.
52. Silverstein, L.B. & Layne, S. (n.d.) What Is arts integration? Retrieved from https://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/educators/how-to/arts-integration/what-is-arts-integration#background.
53. Silverstein, B and Layne, S. (2010). Approaches to Arts and Education. Washington, DC: Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.
54. Stack, Y. (2007). ArtsSmart at Caslan School: A longitudinal case study. Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada: Society for the Advancement of Excellence in Education.
55. Tyler CW & Likova LT. (2012). The role of the visual arts in the enhancing the learning process. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 Feb 8;6:8. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00008. PMID: 22347854; PMCID: PMC3274761.
56. Teaching Council of Zambia. (2020). 2020-2021 Colleges of Education Accreditation Register.
57. Upitis, R., & Smithrin, K. (2003). Learning through the arts: National assessment 1999-2002. Final report to the Royal Conservatory of Music. Toronto, ON: Royal Conservatory of Music.
58. Van der Veen, J. (2012). Draw your physics homework? Art as a path to understanding in physics teaching. American Educational Research Journal, 49(2), 356–407. https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0002831211435521.
59. Vega, V. (2012 a). Social and emotional research review. Schools that work: Edutopia. http://www.edutopia.org/sel-research-learning-outcomespia.org.
60. Wintemberg, R. (2017). 5 Misconceptions About Arts Integration. SchoolArts, 116 (6), p.8-9.
Published
2023-06-21
How to Cite
Kalinde, B. and Bwalya, K. (2023) “Views of College Lecturers on the Integration of Music, Art and Design and Physical Education into Expressive Arts in Zambia: An Exploratory Study”, Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 5(2), pp. 15-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.5.2.1011.
Section
Articles