Ideologically-based Polarisation and Racism in Discourse
Keywords:
Ideology, Racism, Polarization, Critical Discourse Analysis
Abstract
“The privileged” against “the others”, “Us” against “Them”, “the Top” against “the Bottom” and “the Citizen” against “the Refugee/Immigrant”- are all ideologically-based discourses that classify human beings. The present study, being discourse analytical, aims to shed light on some discourses of polarization that are ideologically based and detect examples of such discourses in various fields as politics, science, sport and education. Methodological framework is based on Van Dijk’s models of ideological discourse analysis (2006a, 2006b &2007). Accordingly, a critical analysis of these discourses is applied in order to decode the meaning that lies deep within them, a meaning that reveals the deeply-rooted ideology that makes some believe that they deserve to be “the privileged” while other people are “the others” that are not privileged. Van Dijk’s model of ingroup-outgroup polarization (Emphasizing Our good things and Their bad things; Mitigating Our bad things and their good things) stands as a comprehensive/abstract standard that is to be detected in the data of this study. The paper concludes that the critical analysis of discourse has shown polarization/racism to be widespread in different fields of life. It calls for making changes in the way people think and conceive of “the others”- a first step towards a better socio-political atmosphere.References
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2. Bhatia, A. &Jenks, C.J. 2018. Fabricating the American dream in US media portrayals of Syrian refugees: A discourse analytical study, SAGE Publications.
3. Bonilla-Silva, E. 2009. Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States, (3rd ed.), Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield.
4. Chilton, P. 2004. Analyzing political discourse: theory and practice, London and New York, Routledge.
5. Eissa, M. 2004. “Polarised discourse in the news”, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 143, 70-90, DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.225.
6. Fairclough, N. 1989. Language and power, London, Longman.
7. Fairclough, N. 1992. Discourse and social change, Cambridge, Polity Press.
8. Fairclough, N. 1995. Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language, New York, Longman.
9. Fairclough, N. 2003. Discourse analysis. Textual analysis for social research, London & New York, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
10. Fowler, R. 1991. “Critical linguistics”, in K. Halmkjaer, (Ed.), The linguistic encyclopedia, London/New York, Routledge.
11. Fowler, R., Hodge, B., Kress, G., & Trew, T. 1979. Language & control, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.
12. Gee, J. P. 1990. Social linguistics and literacies: ideology in discourses, London, Falmer Press.
13. Gee, J. P. 1996. Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses (2nd ed.), London:Taylor & Francis
14. Hamilton, M.B. 1987. “The Elements of the concept of ideology”, Political studies, Vol 35, Issue 1. SAGE Journals.
15. Herman, V. 1995. Dramatic discourse: dialogue as interaction in plays, London and New York, Routledge.
16. Hodge, B. 2012. Ideology, identity, interaction: Contradictions and challenges for critical discourse analysis, Available at https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/journals/cadaad/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Volume-5_Hodge.pdf.
17. Jorgensen, M. &Phillips, L.J. 2002. Discourse analysis as theory and method, SAGE Publications.
18. Jost, J. T. 2007. “Ideology”, In R F. Baumeister & K D. Vohs (ed.) Encyclopedia of social psychology, SAGE Publications.
19. Levinson, S. 1983. Pragmatics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
20. McCarthy, M. 1991. Discourse analysis for language teachers, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
21. Nemeth, D. 2006. “Ideology”, in B. Warf (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Geography, SAGE Publications.
22. O’Halloran, K.A. 2005. “Mystification and social agent absences: A critical discourse analysis using evolutionary psychology”, Journal of Pragmatics,vol.37, no.12,pp.1945-1964.
23. Persson, E. &Neto, L.M. 2018. “Ideology and discourse in the public sphere: A critical discourse analysis of public debates at a Brazilian public university”, Discourse & Communication, vol. 12, Issue, 3, SAGE Journals, DOI: 10.1177/1750481318757765.
24. Schiffrin, D., Tennen, D., & Hamilton, D. 2001. “Introduction”, in D Schiffrin, D Tennen, & D Hamilton (ed.), The handbook of discourse analysis, USA &UK, Blackwell Publishers.
25. Szalay, L. b. Kelly, R.M. & Moon,W.T. 1972. Ideology. Its meaning and measurement, SAGE Publications.
26. Van Dijk, T.A. 1993. “Principles of critical discourse analysis”, Discourse & Communication, SAGE Journals, Vol. 4, issue 2, pp. 249-283.
27. Van Dijk, T.A. 1998. Ideology. A Multidisciplinary approach, SAGE Publications Ltd.
28. Van Dijk, T.A. 2001a. “Critical discourse analysis”, in D. Schiffrin, D. Tennen, & D. Hamilton (ed.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, USA &UK, Blackwell Publishers.
29. Van Dijk, T.A. 2001b. “Discourse and Ideology”, in T.A. Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction, SAGE Publications Ltd
30. Van Dijk, T.A. 2002. Political discourse and ideology, Available at http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Political%20Discourse%20and%20Ideology.pdf.
31. van Dijk, T.A. 2006 a. “Politics, ideology, and discourse”,, in K Brown(ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, Vol. 9 Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press, pp. 728-740.
32. Van .Dijk,T.A. 2006b.“Ideology and discourse analysis”, Journal of Political Ideologies, Routledge, vol.11, issue, 2, pp.115-140, https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310600687908
33. Van Dijk, T.A. 2007. Ideology and discourse, A Multidisciplinary introduction, Available at http://www.discourses.org/UnpublishedArticles/Ideology%20and%20discourse.pdf
34. Van Dijk, T.A. 2013. “Ideology and discourse”, in M Freeden &M. Stears (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
35. Wodak, R. 2001. “What CDA is about – a summary of its history, important concepts and its developments”, in R. Wodak & M. Meyer (ed.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, London, SAGE Publications.
36. Wodak, R., & Reisigel, M. 2001. “Discourse and racism”, in D Schiffrin, D Tennen, & D Hamilton (ed.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, USA &UK, Blackwell Publishers.
Published
2020-03-31
How to Cite
Hamed, D. (2020) “Ideologically-based Polarisation and Racism in Discourse”, Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 4(1), pp. 1-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.4.1.382.
Section
Humanities