Disaster Risk Management (DRM) in the Metropolis
A Scoping Review
Keywords:
Disaster Risk Management (DRM), Strategies, Innovations, Disaster Risk Assessments, Metropolis, Cities
Abstract
Metropolitan areas are faced with increasing disaster risks, mainly attributed to climate change, rapid population growth, and urbanization. Depending on factors such as location, size, and rate of expansion, all cities may face exposure to natural and technological disasters like floods, storms, cyclones, earthquakes, tornadoes, fires, and various other hazards that cause damage to property and loss of life. Effective Disaster Risk Management (DRM) in Metropolitan areas must therefore become a vital aspect of contemporary city management. However, an important gap exists between knowledge and practice in the specialized field of DRM. Methods: This study sampled a total of 54 selected journal articles and web-pages between the years 2003 and April, 2023. The purpose was to establish major strategies, Risk Assessment techniques, and emerging innovations in Disaster Risk Management (DRM) in cities. Results: the outcomes suggested a propensity of studies towards discussion of strategies (approaches) for DRM. From the 54 materials sampled, 30 materials were based on analysis of approaches to DRM. Empirical studies of disaster risk assessments in cities were comparatively sporadic with only 13 study materials. Results further revealed that studies based on technological innovations in the discipline were even more intermittent, with only 11 materials. Conclusion: DRM studies were most inclined to theoretical discussion of approaches, with limited studies in Disaster risk assessments in cities. Technical Innovation studies were seemingly lacking. Implications: Cities must invest in routine flood risk assessments, fire risk assessments, landslide risk assessments, and any-other essential vulnerability assessments to prevent loss of lives and property. Further studies in technological innovations must also be undertaken for detection, timely warning systems, and effective communication in DRM in cities.References
Abe, M., Ochiai, C. and Okazaki, K. (2018) ‘Is post-disaster housing reconstruction with a participatory
method effective in increasing people’s awareness for disaster prevention?’, Procedia Engineering,
212, pp. 411–418.
Abushaikha, I. and Schumann-Bölsche, D. (2016) ‘Mobile phones: Established technologies for
innovative humanitarian logistics concepts’, Procedia Engineering, 159, pp. 191–198.
Ade Bilau, A., Witt, E. and Lill, I. (2018) ‘Research methodology for the development of a framework
for managing post-disaster housing reconstruction’, Procedia Engineering, 212, pp. 598–605.
Aiyou, W., Shiliang, S., Runqiu, L., Deming, T. and Xiafang, T. (2014) ‘City fire risk analysis based on
coupling fault tree method and triangle fuzzy theory’, Procedia Engineering, 84, pp. 204–212.
Alabi, A.S., Adegbile, M., Alabi, O., Abisuga, O., Oyewole, K. and Oshodi, O. (2017) ‘Stakeholders’
role in disaster-risk-reduction of fire occurrences in Lagos Metropolis’, International Journal of
Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(4), pp. 425–440.
Albayrak, U., Canbaz, M. and Albayrak, G. (2015) ‘A rapid seismic risk assessment method for existing
building stock in urban areas’, Procedia Engineering, 118, pp. 1242–1249.
AlQahtany, A.M. and Abubakar, I.R. (2020) ‘Public perception and attitudes to disaster risks in a coastal
metropolis of Saudi Arabia’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 44, 101422.
Aquino, D.H., Wilkinson, S.J., Raftery, G., Potangaroa, R. and Chang-Richards, A. (2018) ‘Challenges
to building housing resilience: The case of Fiji post-cyclone Winston’, Procedia Engineering, 212,
pp. 475–480.
Bisri, M.B.F. and Beniya, S. (2016) ‘Analyzing the national disaster response framework and inter-
organizational network of the 2015 Nepal/Gorkha earthquake’, Procedia Engineering, 159, pp. 19–
26.
Bravo-Laguna, C. (2023) ‘Examining the EU reaction to a humanitarian emergency from a network
perspective: The response to cyclones Idai and Kenneth’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 61(3),
pp. 673–691.
Cambaza, E., Mongo, E., Anapakala, E., Nhambire, R., Singo, J. and Machava, E. (2019) ‘Outbreak of
cholera due to cyclone Kenneth in northern Mozambique’, International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 16(16), 2925.
Chan, E.Y.Y., Huang, Z., Lo, E.S.K., Hung, K.K.C., Wong, E.L.Y. and Wong, S.Y.S. (2020)
‘Sociodemographic predictors of health risk perception, attitude and behaviour practices associated
with health-emergency disaster risk management for biological hazards’, International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3869.
Charrua, A.B., Padmanaban, R., Cabral, P., Bandeira, S. and Romeiras, M.M. (2021) ‘Impacts of the
tropical cyclone Idai in Mozambique: A multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery analysis’, Remote
Sensing, 13(2), 201.
Chmutina, K., Sadler, N., von Meding, J. and Abukhalaf, A.H.I. (2020) ‘Lost (and found?) in translation:
Key terminology in disaster studies’, Disaster Prevention and Management, 30(2), pp. 149–162.
Dam, D.P., Yaro, M.A., Kwanga, G.M. and Nyajo, A. (2021) An assessment of post-flood disaster risk
recovery and reconstruction responses of urban households in Makurdi Metropolis, Nigeria.
Rochester, NY: SSRN. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3807066
De Iuliis, M., Kammouh, O. and Cimellaro, G.P. (2022) ‘Measuring and improving community
resilience: A fuzzy logic approach’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 78, 103118.
Drazba, M.C., Yan-Richards, A. and Wilkinson, S. (2018) ‘Landslide hazards in Fiji: Managing the risk
and not the disaster’, Procedia Engineering, 212, pp. 1334–1338.
Edirisooriya, K.V.D., Vitanage, N.S., Uluwaduge, P. and Senevirathna, E.M.T.K. (2018) ‘Understanding
disaster risk and mitigation: Special reference to Ratnapura District’, Procedia Engineering, 212,
pp. 1034–1039.
Fekete, A. and Neuner, S. (2023) ‘Spatial industrial accident exposure and social vulnerability assessment
of hazardous material sites’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 14(2), pp. 223–236.
Feng, X., Feng, Z. and He, Y. (2012) ‘Analysis on chemical industry park emergency drill escape paths
based on WebGIS’, Procedia Engineering, 45, pp. 722–726.
Gaillard, J.C., Fordham, M., Wisner, B., Kelman, I. and Lopez-Carresi, A. (eds.) (2013) Disaster
management: International lessons in risk reduction, response and recovery. London: Routledge.
Gayathri, H., Aparna, P.M. and Verma, A. (2017) ‘A review of studies on understanding crowd dynamics
in the context of crowd safety in mass religious gatherings’, International Journal of Disaster Risk
Reduction, 25, pp. 82–91.
Godschalk, D.R. (2003) ‘Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities’, Natural Hazards Review,
4(3), pp. 136–143.
Jayakody, R.R.J.C., Amarathunga, D. and Haigh, R. (2018) ‘Integration of disaster management
strategies with planning and designing public open spaces’, Procedia Engineering, 212, pp. 954–
961.
Kim, A.M. (2018) ‘Smarter than smart cities: GIS and spatial analysis for socio-economic applications’,
in Huang, B. (ed.) Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 360–370.
Komatsuzaki, N., Otsuyama, K. and Hiroi, U. (2022) ‘How the choice of temporary housing impacts
widespread displacement after large-scale flooding?’, International Journal of Disaster Risk
Reduction, 81, 103243.
Leonardi, G., Palamara, R. and Cirianni, F. (2016) ‘Landslide susceptibility mapping using a fuzzy
approach’, Procedia Engineering, 161, pp. 380–387.
Li, H., Herfort, B., Huang, W., Zia, M. and Zipf, A. (2020) ‘Exploration of OpenStreetMap missing built-
up areas using Twitter hierarchical clustering and deep learning in Mozambique’, ISPRS Journal of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 166, pp. 41–51.
Lin, Y. and Geertman, S. (2015) ‘Smart governance, collaborative planning and planning support
systems: A fruitful triangle?’, in Geertman, S. et al. (eds.) Planning Support Systems and Smart
Cities. Cham: Springer, pp. 261–277.
Liu, B., Han, X., Qin, L., Xu, W. and Fan, J. (2021) ‘Multi-hazard risk mapping for coupling of natural
and technological hazards’, Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 12(1), pp. 2544–2560.
Liu, R., Fei, L. and Mi, J. (2022) ‘An evidential MULTIMOORA approach to assessing disaster risk
reduction education strategies’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 78, 103114.
Malalgoda, C., Amaratunga, D. and Haigh, R. (2018) ‘Empowering local governments in making cities
resilient to disasters’, Procedia Engineering, 212, pp. 902–909.
Markiewicz, M.T. (2020) ‘Analysis of spatial planning documents with regard to hazards of major
industrial accidents’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(15), pp. 18269–18286.
Matos, P.A. and Ndapassoa, A.M. (2020) ‘Cyclone Idai and the humanitarian aid challenges in
Mozambique’, Veredas do Direito, 17, p. 167.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. and Altman, D.G. (2009) ‘Preferred reporting items for systematic
reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement’, Physical Therapy, 89(9), pp. 873–880.
Moore, S., Eng, E. and Daniel, M. (2003) ‘International NGOs and the role of network centrality in
humanitarian aid operations’, Disasters, 27(4), pp. 305–318.
Mugabe, V.A., Gudo, E.S., Lamea, O.F., Kitron, U. and Ribeiro, G.S. (2021) ‘Natural disasters,
population displacement and health emergencies’, BMJ Global Health, 6(9), e006778.
Ning, Y., Wang, X., Yu, Q., Liang, D. and Zhai, J. (2023) ‘Rapid damage prediction and risk assessment
for tropical cyclones’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 14(2), pp. 237–252.
Nur, I. and Shrestha, K.K. (2017) ‘An integrative perspective on community vulnerability to flooding in
cities of developing countries’, Procedia Engineering, 198, pp. 958–967.
Nyahunda, L., Tirivangasi, H.M. and Mabila, T.E. (2022) ‘Challenges faced by humanitarian
organisations in rendering services in the aftermath of Cyclone Idai’, Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1),
2030451.
Olsen, G.R., Carstensen, N. and Høyen, K. (2003) ‘Humanitarian crises: What determines the level of
emergency assistance?’, Disasters, 27(2), pp. 109–126.
Pickering, C.J., Dancey, M., Paik, K. and O’Sullivan, T. (2021) ‘Informal caregiving and disaster risk
reduction: A scoping review’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 12(2), pp. 169–187.
PreventionWeb (2021a) Disaster risk reduction & disaster risk management: Understanding disaster
risk – key concepts. Available at: https://www.preventionweb.net
PreventionWeb (2021b) New Minecraft world from NRMA Insurance teaches Aussie kids the importance
of bushfire preparedness. Available at: https://www.preventionweb.net
Sharma, P. (2020) Fire-related disaster risk reduction approach for crowd management: A case study of
Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh 2019.
Sui, D., Elwood, S. and Goodchild, M. (2012) Crowdsourcing geographic knowledge: Volunteered
geographic information (VGI) in theory and practice. Springer.
Wang, Z. et al. (2013) ‘DDDAMS-based crowd control via UAVs and UGVs’, Procedia Computer
Science, 18, pp. 2028–2035.
Yamamoto, K. (2015) ‘Development and operation of social media GIS for disaster risk management in
Japan’, in Geertman, S. et al. (eds.) Planning Support Systems and Smart Cities. Cham: Springer,
pp. 21–39.
Yang, Y., Yu, J., Wang, C. and Wen, J. (2022) ‘Risk assessment of crowd-gathering in urban open public
spaces supported by spatio-temporal big data’, Sustainability, 14(10), 6175.
Yokomatsu, M., Mochizuki, J., Joseph, J., Burek, P. and Kahil, T. (2022) ‘Macroeconomic co-benefits
of DRR investment’, Disaster Prevention and Management.
Yung, D. (2008) Principles of fire risk assessment in buildings. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Zavadskas, E.K., Turskis, Z. and Tamošaitienė, J. (2010) ‘Risk assessment of construction projects’,
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 16(1), pp. 33–46.
Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Xu, W. and Hu, J. (2020) ‘Differentiation and integration: Off-site resettlement
planning practice in New Beichuan after the Wenchuan Earthquake’, Natural Hazards, 104(1), pp.
77–99.
Zulu, E. and Shi, Y. (2023) ‘Fire risk analysis and resilience improvement in Lusaka city’, Journal of
Emergency Management and Disaster Communications.
method effective in increasing people’s awareness for disaster prevention?’, Procedia Engineering,
212, pp. 411–418.
Abushaikha, I. and Schumann-Bölsche, D. (2016) ‘Mobile phones: Established technologies for
innovative humanitarian logistics concepts’, Procedia Engineering, 159, pp. 191–198.
Ade Bilau, A., Witt, E. and Lill, I. (2018) ‘Research methodology for the development of a framework
for managing post-disaster housing reconstruction’, Procedia Engineering, 212, pp. 598–605.
Aiyou, W., Shiliang, S., Runqiu, L., Deming, T. and Xiafang, T. (2014) ‘City fire risk analysis based on
coupling fault tree method and triangle fuzzy theory’, Procedia Engineering, 84, pp. 204–212.
Alabi, A.S., Adegbile, M., Alabi, O., Abisuga, O., Oyewole, K. and Oshodi, O. (2017) ‘Stakeholders’
role in disaster-risk-reduction of fire occurrences in Lagos Metropolis’, International Journal of
Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(4), pp. 425–440.
Albayrak, U., Canbaz, M. and Albayrak, G. (2015) ‘A rapid seismic risk assessment method for existing
building stock in urban areas’, Procedia Engineering, 118, pp. 1242–1249.
AlQahtany, A.M. and Abubakar, I.R. (2020) ‘Public perception and attitudes to disaster risks in a coastal
metropolis of Saudi Arabia’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 44, 101422.
Aquino, D.H., Wilkinson, S.J., Raftery, G., Potangaroa, R. and Chang-Richards, A. (2018) ‘Challenges
to building housing resilience: The case of Fiji post-cyclone Winston’, Procedia Engineering, 212,
pp. 475–480.
Bisri, M.B.F. and Beniya, S. (2016) ‘Analyzing the national disaster response framework and inter-
organizational network of the 2015 Nepal/Gorkha earthquake’, Procedia Engineering, 159, pp. 19–
26.
Bravo-Laguna, C. (2023) ‘Examining the EU reaction to a humanitarian emergency from a network
perspective: The response to cyclones Idai and Kenneth’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 61(3),
pp. 673–691.
Cambaza, E., Mongo, E., Anapakala, E., Nhambire, R., Singo, J. and Machava, E. (2019) ‘Outbreak of
cholera due to cyclone Kenneth in northern Mozambique’, International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 16(16), 2925.
Chan, E.Y.Y., Huang, Z., Lo, E.S.K., Hung, K.K.C., Wong, E.L.Y. and Wong, S.Y.S. (2020)
‘Sociodemographic predictors of health risk perception, attitude and behaviour practices associated
with health-emergency disaster risk management for biological hazards’, International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3869.
Charrua, A.B., Padmanaban, R., Cabral, P., Bandeira, S. and Romeiras, M.M. (2021) ‘Impacts of the
tropical cyclone Idai in Mozambique: A multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery analysis’, Remote
Sensing, 13(2), 201.
Chmutina, K., Sadler, N., von Meding, J. and Abukhalaf, A.H.I. (2020) ‘Lost (and found?) in translation:
Key terminology in disaster studies’, Disaster Prevention and Management, 30(2), pp. 149–162.
Dam, D.P., Yaro, M.A., Kwanga, G.M. and Nyajo, A. (2021) An assessment of post-flood disaster risk
recovery and reconstruction responses of urban households in Makurdi Metropolis, Nigeria.
Rochester, NY: SSRN. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3807066
De Iuliis, M., Kammouh, O. and Cimellaro, G.P. (2022) ‘Measuring and improving community
resilience: A fuzzy logic approach’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 78, 103118.
Drazba, M.C., Yan-Richards, A. and Wilkinson, S. (2018) ‘Landslide hazards in Fiji: Managing the risk
and not the disaster’, Procedia Engineering, 212, pp. 1334–1338.
Edirisooriya, K.V.D., Vitanage, N.S., Uluwaduge, P. and Senevirathna, E.M.T.K. (2018) ‘Understanding
disaster risk and mitigation: Special reference to Ratnapura District’, Procedia Engineering, 212,
pp. 1034–1039.
Fekete, A. and Neuner, S. (2023) ‘Spatial industrial accident exposure and social vulnerability assessment
of hazardous material sites’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 14(2), pp. 223–236.
Feng, X., Feng, Z. and He, Y. (2012) ‘Analysis on chemical industry park emergency drill escape paths
based on WebGIS’, Procedia Engineering, 45, pp. 722–726.
Gaillard, J.C., Fordham, M., Wisner, B., Kelman, I. and Lopez-Carresi, A. (eds.) (2013) Disaster
management: International lessons in risk reduction, response and recovery. London: Routledge.
Gayathri, H., Aparna, P.M. and Verma, A. (2017) ‘A review of studies on understanding crowd dynamics
in the context of crowd safety in mass religious gatherings’, International Journal of Disaster Risk
Reduction, 25, pp. 82–91.
Godschalk, D.R. (2003) ‘Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities’, Natural Hazards Review,
4(3), pp. 136–143.
Jayakody, R.R.J.C., Amarathunga, D. and Haigh, R. (2018) ‘Integration of disaster management
strategies with planning and designing public open spaces’, Procedia Engineering, 212, pp. 954–
961.
Kim, A.M. (2018) ‘Smarter than smart cities: GIS and spatial analysis for socio-economic applications’,
in Huang, B. (ed.) Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 360–370.
Komatsuzaki, N., Otsuyama, K. and Hiroi, U. (2022) ‘How the choice of temporary housing impacts
widespread displacement after large-scale flooding?’, International Journal of Disaster Risk
Reduction, 81, 103243.
Leonardi, G., Palamara, R. and Cirianni, F. (2016) ‘Landslide susceptibility mapping using a fuzzy
approach’, Procedia Engineering, 161, pp. 380–387.
Li, H., Herfort, B., Huang, W., Zia, M. and Zipf, A. (2020) ‘Exploration of OpenStreetMap missing built-
up areas using Twitter hierarchical clustering and deep learning in Mozambique’, ISPRS Journal of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 166, pp. 41–51.
Lin, Y. and Geertman, S. (2015) ‘Smart governance, collaborative planning and planning support
systems: A fruitful triangle?’, in Geertman, S. et al. (eds.) Planning Support Systems and Smart
Cities. Cham: Springer, pp. 261–277.
Liu, B., Han, X., Qin, L., Xu, W. and Fan, J. (2021) ‘Multi-hazard risk mapping for coupling of natural
and technological hazards’, Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 12(1), pp. 2544–2560.
Liu, R., Fei, L. and Mi, J. (2022) ‘An evidential MULTIMOORA approach to assessing disaster risk
reduction education strategies’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 78, 103114.
Malalgoda, C., Amaratunga, D. and Haigh, R. (2018) ‘Empowering local governments in making cities
resilient to disasters’, Procedia Engineering, 212, pp. 902–909.
Markiewicz, M.T. (2020) ‘Analysis of spatial planning documents with regard to hazards of major
industrial accidents’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(15), pp. 18269–18286.
Matos, P.A. and Ndapassoa, A.M. (2020) ‘Cyclone Idai and the humanitarian aid challenges in
Mozambique’, Veredas do Direito, 17, p. 167.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. and Altman, D.G. (2009) ‘Preferred reporting items for systematic
reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement’, Physical Therapy, 89(9), pp. 873–880.
Moore, S., Eng, E. and Daniel, M. (2003) ‘International NGOs and the role of network centrality in
humanitarian aid operations’, Disasters, 27(4), pp. 305–318.
Mugabe, V.A., Gudo, E.S., Lamea, O.F., Kitron, U. and Ribeiro, G.S. (2021) ‘Natural disasters,
population displacement and health emergencies’, BMJ Global Health, 6(9), e006778.
Ning, Y., Wang, X., Yu, Q., Liang, D. and Zhai, J. (2023) ‘Rapid damage prediction and risk assessment
for tropical cyclones’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 14(2), pp. 237–252.
Nur, I. and Shrestha, K.K. (2017) ‘An integrative perspective on community vulnerability to flooding in
cities of developing countries’, Procedia Engineering, 198, pp. 958–967.
Nyahunda, L., Tirivangasi, H.M. and Mabila, T.E. (2022) ‘Challenges faced by humanitarian
organisations in rendering services in the aftermath of Cyclone Idai’, Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1),
2030451.
Olsen, G.R., Carstensen, N. and Høyen, K. (2003) ‘Humanitarian crises: What determines the level of
emergency assistance?’, Disasters, 27(2), pp. 109–126.
Pickering, C.J., Dancey, M., Paik, K. and O’Sullivan, T. (2021) ‘Informal caregiving and disaster risk
reduction: A scoping review’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 12(2), pp. 169–187.
PreventionWeb (2021a) Disaster risk reduction & disaster risk management: Understanding disaster
risk – key concepts. Available at: https://www.preventionweb.net
PreventionWeb (2021b) New Minecraft world from NRMA Insurance teaches Aussie kids the importance
of bushfire preparedness. Available at: https://www.preventionweb.net
Sharma, P. (2020) Fire-related disaster risk reduction approach for crowd management: A case study of
Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh 2019.
Sui, D., Elwood, S. and Goodchild, M. (2012) Crowdsourcing geographic knowledge: Volunteered
geographic information (VGI) in theory and practice. Springer.
Wang, Z. et al. (2013) ‘DDDAMS-based crowd control via UAVs and UGVs’, Procedia Computer
Science, 18, pp. 2028–2035.
Yamamoto, K. (2015) ‘Development and operation of social media GIS for disaster risk management in
Japan’, in Geertman, S. et al. (eds.) Planning Support Systems and Smart Cities. Cham: Springer,
pp. 21–39.
Yang, Y., Yu, J., Wang, C. and Wen, J. (2022) ‘Risk assessment of crowd-gathering in urban open public
spaces supported by spatio-temporal big data’, Sustainability, 14(10), 6175.
Yokomatsu, M., Mochizuki, J., Joseph, J., Burek, P. and Kahil, T. (2022) ‘Macroeconomic co-benefits
of DRR investment’, Disaster Prevention and Management.
Yung, D. (2008) Principles of fire risk assessment in buildings. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Zavadskas, E.K., Turskis, Z. and Tamošaitienė, J. (2010) ‘Risk assessment of construction projects’,
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 16(1), pp. 33–46.
Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Xu, W. and Hu, J. (2020) ‘Differentiation and integration: Off-site resettlement
planning practice in New Beichuan after the Wenchuan Earthquake’, Natural Hazards, 104(1), pp.
77–99.
Zulu, E. and Shi, Y. (2023) ‘Fire risk analysis and resilience improvement in Lusaka city’, Journal of
Emergency Management and Disaster Communications.
Published
2026-03-02
How to Cite
[1]
L. Kangwa, “Disaster Risk Management (DRM) in the Metropolis”, Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-12, Mar. 2026.
Section
Reviews
Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been
published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published
lecture, or thesis); that it is not under consideration for publication
elsewhere; that if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the
authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher in this
case to UNZA-JONAS.