Assessment of Impacts of Indoor Residual House Spraying on the Diversity, Abundance and Distribution of Human Malaria Vectors in Chongwe District, Zambia
Abstract
Dominant human malaria vectors in Chongwe District, Zambia, were identified and impacts of Indoor Residual House Spraying (IRHS) on their diversity, abundance and distribution assessed. A case-control type of study design was used in which Chishiko village in the district was the case in point, where houses had been sprayed with DDT insecticide during the 2008- 2009 malaria transmission period through a government of Zambia sponsored IRHS programme and Chiota village was the control, where houses had not been sprayed with any insecticide during the same period. Human malaria vector identification was both morphological using mosquito identification taxonomic keys and molecular, for morphologically inseparable mosquito sibling species complexes through use of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays. Vector abundance was determined through computations of mosquito mean densities and comparison of these using ANOVA, while the variance: Mean ratio (S-squared/x-bar ) was used to determine vector distribution patterns in the study areas. Three endophilic mosquito species were identified from the study areas as Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823, Anopheles squamosus Theobald 1901 and a species from the A. gambiae complex comprising seven morphologically indistinguishable sibling species. Molecular discrimination of the A. gambiae complex species collected from the study areas through PCR revealed that it was A. arabiensis Patton 1905 and further, this species was found to be the major vector of malaria in Chongwe District. The Expected Species Total computed for the study areas indicated the mosquito vector abundance to be three in the study areas, while the variance/Mean ratio showed that malaria mosquito vectors were contagiously distributed in Chiota village (S-squared >x-bar ) and that there were no malaria vectors in Chishiko village. The difference in density of A. arabiensis between DDT-insecticide-sprayed houses in Chishiko village and the non-sprayed Chiota village houses was significant ( p < 0.05) indicating that the IRHS programme exerted a positive impact on the diversity, abundance and distribution of human malaria vectors in Chongwe District. But it is also possible that the vectors might have resorted to feeding and resting outside of the sprayed houses. A longitudinal study would be necessary to complement these findings.References
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3. District Planning Unit, Chongwe. (2012). Chongwe District Profile. Retrieved from http://www.lgazambia.org.zm (Accessed on 14th April 2012).
4. Edwards, F. W. (1941). Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III – Culicine Adults and Pupae. Oxford University Press.
5. Gillies, M. T., & Coetzee, M. (1987). Supplement of the Anopheles of Africa South of the Sahara (Afro-tropical Region). Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa: The South African Institute of Medical Research.
6. Gillies, M. T., & de Meillon, B. (1968). The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara. Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa: The South African Institute of Medical Research.
7. Hervy, J.-P., Le Goff, G., Geoffroy, B., Herve, J.-P., Manga, L., & Brunhes, J. (1998). The Anopheline Mosquitoes of the Afro-tropical Region: An Identification and Training Software. Montpellier, Cedex 1.
8. Kandyata, A. (2012). Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus larvicides on mosquito abundance, diversity and distribution in selected areas of Lusaka Urban District, Zambia. MSc Dissertation, University of Zambia.
9. Kent, R. J. (2006). The Mosquitoes of Macha, Zambia. Baltimore Publishers. 575 pp.
10. Ministry of Health (MoH). (2000). Malaria Situation Analysis Zambia. Lusaka (Unpublished).
11. Molineaux, L., & Gramiccia, G. (1980). The Garki Project: Research on the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization. 311 pp.
12. Morlais, I., Girod, R., Hunt, R., Simard, F., & Fontenille, D. (2005). Population structure of Anopheles arabiensis on La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73(6), 1077–1082.
13. National Malaria Control Centre (NMCC). (1999). Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria in Zambia. Lusaka (Unpublished).
14. National Malaria Control Centre (NMCC). (2010). Performance Review. Lusaka (Unpublished).
15. Scott, J. A., Brogdon, W. G., & Collins, F. H. (1993). Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by polymerase chain reaction. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 49(4), 520–529.
16. Service, M. W. (1990). Handbook of Afrotropical Toxorhynchitinae and Culicine Mosquitoes, Excepting Aedes and Culex. Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD.
17. Southwood, T. R. E., & Henderson, P. A. (1978). Ecological Methods. Blackwell Science Publishers.
18. Surveyor-General. (1986). Survey Department, Government of the Republic of Zambia.
19. Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit. (2012). Systematic Catalog of Culicidae. Retrieved from http://www.mosquitocatalog.org/default.aspx (Viewed on 20th April 2012).
20. White, G. B., & Rosen, P. (1973). Comparative studies of sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Dipt. Culicidae). II. Ecology of species A and B in savanna around Kaduna, Nigeria, during transmission from wet to dry season. Bulletin of Entomology, 62, 613–625.
21. World Health Organization (WHO). (1975). Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II: Vector Bionomics and Organization of Anti-Malaria Activities. Geneva: World Health Organization. 191 pp.
22. World Health Organization (WHO). (2006). Malaria Fact Sheet. Geneva: World Health Organization.
23. World Health Organization (WHO). (1982). Environmental Management for Mosquito Control. Geneva: World Health Organization. 283 pp.
Published
2021-01-29
How to Cite
[1]
O. Namafente, K. Mbata, and C. Katongo, “Assessment of Impacts of Indoor Residual House Spraying on the Diversity, Abundance and Distribution of Human Malaria Vectors in Chongwe District, Zambia”, Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 77-86, Jan. 2021.
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