The ISCREAM Model: A Framework for Stakeholders' Engagement in Water Allocation Prioritisation at Catchment Level
Keywords:
Environmental Flows, ISCREAM, IWRM, Stakeholder Engagement, Water Allocation
Abstract
Water allocation is increasingly becoming a challenge with the rise in water demands by various competing water users in a given basin. Engagement and participation of stakeholders is viewed as a means to reduce conflict and promote equitable access and utilisation of water resources. This paper presents an ongoing research that seeks to develop a stakeholder engagement framework based on the principles of integrated water resources management in order to support the development of water allocation priorities at catchment level. The framework has the following processes; Invite, Study, Categorise, Relate, Engage, Allocate, and Monitor – ISCREAM. It was applied in the Kafue Flats, a vast wetland with diverse ecosystems and high water demand for hydropower, Irrigation and Municipal Water Supply. Stakeholders where engaged through workshops and surveys that sought to present technical findings and provided an opportunity for discussions on the water-environmental situation and determining of water allocation priorities in the catchment. The study found that in the Kafue Flats, it is not possible to allocate water for the environment while maintaining the same hydropower demand and stakeholders are keen on conserving the environment but also want social economic gains at the expense of hydropower production. It is recommended that detailed studies are done to better inform the stakeholders in the processes of equitable water allocation and environmental flows.References
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Khojastehpour, M., & Shams, S. M. R. (2019). Addressing the complexity of stakeholder management in international ecological setting: A CSR approach. Journal of Business Research, 119, 302–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.05.012
Kiss, B., Sekulova, F., Hörschelmann, K., Salk, C. F., Takahashi, W., & Wamsler, C. (2022). Citizen participation in the governance of nature-based solutions. Environmental Policy and Governance, 32, 247 – 272. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1987
Likando, K., Nyoni, M., & Ngwenyama, D. (2009). 2009 IBA Status and Trends Report, Zambia (pp. 1–23). BirdLife International and the Zambian Ornithological Society (ZOS).
Luyet, V., Schlaepfer, R., Parlange, M. B., & Buttler, A. (2012). A framework to implement Stakeholder participation in environmental projects. Journal of Environmental Management, 111, 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.026
Meas, S. (2018). Public participation strategy for sustainable water resource governance in the lower Mekong basin: A policy case study from the Mekong River Commission. Explorations, 14(4), 73–95.
Megdal, S. B., Eden, S., & Shamir, E. (2017). Water governance, stakeholder engagement, and sustainable water resources management. Water (Switzerland), 9(190), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030190
Muma, J. B., Lund, A., Siamudaala, V. M., Munang’Andu, H. M., Munyeme, M., Matope, G., Nielsen, K., Jønne, B. D., Godfroid, J., Tryland, M., & Skjerve, E. (2010). Serosurvey of Brucella spp. infection in the Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis) of the Kafue flats in Zambia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46(4), 1063–1069. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1063
Noland, J., & Phillips, R. (2010). Stakeholder engagement, discourse ethics and strategic management. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00279.x
O’Reilly, K. (2010). Combining sanitation and women’s participation in water supply: An example from Rajasthan. Development in Practice, 20(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520903436976
Pytlikzillig, L. M., & Tomkins, A. J. (2011). Public Engagement for Informing Science and Technology Policy: What Do We Know, What Do We Need to Know, and How Will We Get There? Review of Policy Research, 28(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2011.00489.x
Reed, M. S. (2008). Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review. Biological Conservation, 141(10), 2417–2431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014
Richter, B. D. (2009). Re-thinking environmental flows: from allocations and reserves to sustainability boundaries. River Research and Applications, 26(September), 132–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1320
Roa-garcía, M. C. (2014). Equity , Efficiency and Sustainability in Water Allocation in the Andes : Trade-offs in a Full World. Water Alternatives, 7(2), 298–319.
Robin Grimble, & Kate Wellard. (1997). Stakeholder Methodologies in Natural Resource Management: a Review of Principles, Contexts, Experiences and Opportunities. Agricultural Systems, 55(2), 173–193.
Sagaris, L. (2018). Citizen participation for sustainable transport: Lessons for change from Santiago and Temuco, Chile. Research in Transportation Economics, 69, 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.05.001
Saravanan, V. S., Mcdonald, G. T., & Mollinga, P. P. (2009). Critical review of Integrated Water Resources Management: Moving beyond polarised discourse. Natural Resources Forum, 33(1), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01210.x
Smith, B. (2003). Public Policy and Public Participation Engaging Citizens and Community in the Development of Public Policy’. Population and Public Health Branch (pp. 55–61). Health Canada.
Sperry, R. C., & Jetter, A. J. (2019). A Systems Approach to Project Stakeholder Management: Fuzzy Cognitive Map Modeling. Project Management Journal, 20(10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972819847870
Sultana, F. (2009). Community and participation in water resources management: Gendering and naturing development debates from Bangladesh. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 34(3), 346–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2009.00345.x
Sultana, F. (2015). Rethinking Community and Participation in Water Governance. In In “The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Development” by Anne Coles, Leslie Gray and Janet Momsen (Eds.), 2015. (pp. 261–272).
Svendsen, A. (1998). The stakeholder strategy: profiting from collaborative business relationships. In Choice Reviews Online. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, inc.
Talley, J. L., Schneider, J., & Lindquist, E. (2016). A simplified approach to stakeholder engagement in natural resource management: The Five-Feature Framework. Ecology and Society, 21(4), 38. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08830-210438
UNDP. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 1–24).
WARMA & GFA. (2018). Draft Lower Kafue Sub-Catchment Management Plan (pp. 1–210). Water Resources Management Authority.
Water Resources Management Act No. 21 (pp. 265–378). (2011). National Assembly of Zambia.
Wehn, U., Collins, K., Anema, K., Basco-Carrera, L., & Lerebours, A. (2018). Stakeholder engagement in water governance as social learning: lessons from practice. Water International, 43(1), 34–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2018.1403083
Wehn, U., Collins, K., Anema, K., Basco-Carrera, L., & Lerebours, A. (2020). Stakeholder engagement in water governance as social learning: lessons from practice. In OECD Principles on Water Governance (pp. 34–59). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429448058-4
WWF. (2018). Water Situation Analysis of the Lower Kafue Basins. Social-Economic Development and Climate Change: Risks and Opportunities (Discussion Paper) (pp. 1–48). WWF Zambia.
Yee, S. (2010). Stakeholder Engagement and Public Participation in Environmental Flows and River Health Assessment. (pp. 1–17). Australia-China Environment Development Partnership River Health and Environmental Flow in China Project Code: P0018. http://watercentre.org/portfolio/rhef/attachments/technical-reports/stakeholder-engagement-and-public-participation-in-eflows-and-river-health-assessments
Ackermann, F., & Eden, C. (2011). Strategic Management of Stakeholders: Theory and Practice. Long Range Planning, 44(3), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2010.08.001
Akhmouch, A., & Clavreul, D. (2016). Stakeholder Engagement for Inclusive Water Governance: “Practicing WhatWe Preach” with the OECD Water Governance Initiative. Water (Switzerland), 8(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8050204
Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A Ladder Of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225
Brammer, S., & Pavelin, S. (2005). Corporate community contributions in the United Kingdom and the United States. Journal of Business Ethics, 56, 15 – 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-3236-4
Brody, S. D., Godschalk, D. R., & Burby, R. J. (2003). Mandating citizen participation in plan making: Six strategic planning choices. Journal of the American Planning Association, 69(3), 245–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360308978018
Chinyio, E. A., & Akintoye, A. (2008). Practical approaches for engaging stakeholders: Findings from the UK. Construction Management and Economics, 26(6), 591–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190802078310
Colvin, R. M., Witt, G. B., & Lacey, J. (2020). Power, perspective, and privilege: The challenge of translating stakeholder theory from business management to environmental and natural resource management. Journal of Environmental Management, 271(110974), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110974
Conallin, J. C., Dickens, C., Hearne, D., & Allan, C. (2017). Stakeholder Engagement in Environmental Water Management. In Water for the Environment: From Policy and Science to Implementation and Management (pp. 129–150). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803907-6.00007-3
Edward Freeman, R., & Evan, W. M. (1990). Corporate governance: A stakeholder interpretation. The Journal of Behavioral Economics, 19(4), 337–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-5720(90)90022-Y
Environmental Management Act No. 12 (pp. 87–177). (2011). National Assembly of Zambia.
Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., Wicks, A. C., Parmar, B., & de Colle, S. (2010). Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art. Academy of Management Annals, 83–120. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815768
Freeman, S., & Cavusgil, S. T. (1984). Strategic management. A stakeholder approach. Journal of International Marketing, 15(4), 1–40.
Global Water Partnership. (2000). Integrated Water Resources Management. TAC Background Papers No. 4. (Issue 4, pp. 1–71). http://hdl.handle.net/10535/4986
Godschalk, D. R., Brody, S., & Burby, R. (2003). Public participation in natural hazard mitigation policy formation: Challenges for comprehensive planning. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 733–754. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964056032000138463
Harvey, P. A., & Reed, R. A. (2007). Community-managed water supplies in Africa: Sustainable or dispensable? Community Development Journal, 42(3), 365 – 378. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsl001
Haselip, J., Desgain, D., & Mackenzie, G. (2015). Non-financial constraints to scaling-up small and medium-sized energy enterprises: Findings from field research in Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania and Zambia. Energy Research and Social Science, 5, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.12.016
International Conference on Water and the Enviornment. (1992). The Dublin Statement and Report of the Conference: Development Issues for the 21st Centuary.
Jani, R., Chomba, M. J., Nchimunya, A., Chanda, S., & Jato, D. (2017). Report of the First Kafue Catchment Stakeholders’ Mobilization Meeting held on 19th December 2016 at Government Complex, Lusaka. (pp. 1–46). Water Resources Management Authority.
Jani, R., Hachitapika, B., Mubambe, C., Banda, D., Nchimunya, A., Chanda, S., & Jato, D. (2018). Report of the Kafue Flats for Water Allocation and Water Users Association Mobilisation (pp. 1–16). Water Resources Management Authority.
Jani, R., Mubambe, C., Banda, D., Muchenje, H., Nchimunya, A., Chanda, S., & Jato, D. (2017). Report of the Catchment Visioning Workshop aimed at developing a catchment management vision for the Kafue River Catchment that took place from 15th to 16th June 2017 at Nak house, Mazabuka. (pp. 1–16). Water Resources Management Authority.
Jani, R., Mubambe, C., Banda, D., Muchenje, H., Nchimunya, A., Chanda, S., Jato, D., & Chomba, M. J. (2018). Report of the Meeting of Traditional Authority for Water Resources Management in Lower Kafue Management Area (pp. 1–17). Water Resources Management.
Jani, R. N., Nyirenda, E., & Nyambe, I. (2022). Catchment Characterization for Participatory Water Allocation Decision Modelling (Unpublished munuscript) (pp. 1–20). University of Zambia.
Khojastehpour, M., & Shams, S. M. R. (2019). Addressing the complexity of stakeholder management in international ecological setting: A CSR approach. Journal of Business Research, 119, 302–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.05.012
Kiss, B., Sekulova, F., Hörschelmann, K., Salk, C. F., Takahashi, W., & Wamsler, C. (2022). Citizen participation in the governance of nature-based solutions. Environmental Policy and Governance, 32, 247 – 272. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1987
Likando, K., Nyoni, M., & Ngwenyama, D. (2009). 2009 IBA Status and Trends Report, Zambia (pp. 1–23). BirdLife International and the Zambian Ornithological Society (ZOS).
Luyet, V., Schlaepfer, R., Parlange, M. B., & Buttler, A. (2012). A framework to implement Stakeholder participation in environmental projects. Journal of Environmental Management, 111, 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.026
Meas, S. (2018). Public participation strategy for sustainable water resource governance in the lower Mekong basin: A policy case study from the Mekong River Commission. Explorations, 14(4), 73–95.
Megdal, S. B., Eden, S., & Shamir, E. (2017). Water governance, stakeholder engagement, and sustainable water resources management. Water (Switzerland), 9(190), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030190
Muma, J. B., Lund, A., Siamudaala, V. M., Munang’Andu, H. M., Munyeme, M., Matope, G., Nielsen, K., Jønne, B. D., Godfroid, J., Tryland, M., & Skjerve, E. (2010). Serosurvey of Brucella spp. infection in the Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis) of the Kafue flats in Zambia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46(4), 1063–1069. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1063
Noland, J., & Phillips, R. (2010). Stakeholder engagement, discourse ethics and strategic management. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00279.x
O’Reilly, K. (2010). Combining sanitation and women’s participation in water supply: An example from Rajasthan. Development in Practice, 20(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520903436976
Pytlikzillig, L. M., & Tomkins, A. J. (2011). Public Engagement for Informing Science and Technology Policy: What Do We Know, What Do We Need to Know, and How Will We Get There? Review of Policy Research, 28(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2011.00489.x
Reed, M. S. (2008). Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review. Biological Conservation, 141(10), 2417–2431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014
Richter, B. D. (2009). Re-thinking environmental flows: from allocations and reserves to sustainability boundaries. River Research and Applications, 26(September), 132–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1320
Roa-garcía, M. C. (2014). Equity , Efficiency and Sustainability in Water Allocation in the Andes : Trade-offs in a Full World. Water Alternatives, 7(2), 298–319.
Robin Grimble, & Kate Wellard. (1997). Stakeholder Methodologies in Natural Resource Management: a Review of Principles, Contexts, Experiences and Opportunities. Agricultural Systems, 55(2), 173–193.
Sagaris, L. (2018). Citizen participation for sustainable transport: Lessons for change from Santiago and Temuco, Chile. Research in Transportation Economics, 69, 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.05.001
Saravanan, V. S., Mcdonald, G. T., & Mollinga, P. P. (2009). Critical review of Integrated Water Resources Management: Moving beyond polarised discourse. Natural Resources Forum, 33(1), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01210.x
Smith, B. (2003). Public Policy and Public Participation Engaging Citizens and Community in the Development of Public Policy’. Population and Public Health Branch (pp. 55–61). Health Canada.
Sperry, R. C., & Jetter, A. J. (2019). A Systems Approach to Project Stakeholder Management: Fuzzy Cognitive Map Modeling. Project Management Journal, 20(10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972819847870
Sultana, F. (2009). Community and participation in water resources management: Gendering and naturing development debates from Bangladesh. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 34(3), 346–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2009.00345.x
Sultana, F. (2015). Rethinking Community and Participation in Water Governance. In In “The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Development” by Anne Coles, Leslie Gray and Janet Momsen (Eds.), 2015. (pp. 261–272).
Svendsen, A. (1998). The stakeholder strategy: profiting from collaborative business relationships. In Choice Reviews Online. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, inc.
Talley, J. L., Schneider, J., & Lindquist, E. (2016). A simplified approach to stakeholder engagement in natural resource management: The Five-Feature Framework. Ecology and Society, 21(4), 38. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08830-210438
UNDP. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 1–24).
WARMA & GFA. (2018). Draft Lower Kafue Sub-Catchment Management Plan (pp. 1–210). Water Resources Management Authority.
Water Resources Management Act No. 21 (pp. 265–378). (2011). National Assembly of Zambia.
Wehn, U., Collins, K., Anema, K., Basco-Carrera, L., & Lerebours, A. (2018). Stakeholder engagement in water governance as social learning: lessons from practice. Water International, 43(1), 34–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2018.1403083
Wehn, U., Collins, K., Anema, K., Basco-Carrera, L., & Lerebours, A. (2020). Stakeholder engagement in water governance as social learning: lessons from practice. In OECD Principles on Water Governance (pp. 34–59). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429448058-4
WWF. (2018). Water Situation Analysis of the Lower Kafue Basins. Social-Economic Development and Climate Change: Risks and Opportunities (Discussion Paper) (pp. 1–48). WWF Zambia.
Yee, S. (2010). Stakeholder Engagement and Public Participation in Environmental Flows and River Health Assessment. (pp. 1–17). Australia-China Environment Development Partnership River Health and Environmental Flow in China Project Code: P0018. http://watercentre.org/portfolio/rhef/attachments/technical-reports/stakeholder-engagement-and-public-participation-in-eflows-and-river-health-assessments
Published
2025-12-29
How to Cite
[1]
R. Jani and E. Nyirenda, “The ISCREAM Model: A Framework for Stakeholders’ Engagement in Water Allocation Prioritisation at Catchment Level”, Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 55-77, Dec. 2025.
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