Factors Associated with Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance in Broiler Chickens in Selected Districts, Zambia
Keywords:
Antimicrobial Resistance, Prevalence, Broiler Chickens, Zambia
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in five districts of Zambia. The study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in broiler chickens in Zambia. A total of 109 broiler farms were included in the study, of which 104 were small-scale farms, two were medium-scale, and three were commercial-scale. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered alongside the collection of cloacal swabs and litter samples to determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of AMR of food pathogen microorganisms on the selected broiler farms. Data collected was analysed using STATA version 12. The broiler farm-level AMR prevalence was 84.4% (n= 109). Gender, marital status, administration of drugs by veterinary personnel or the farmer and the poultry house drainage destination were among the predictors of AMR on broiler chicken farms. The high prevalence of AMR in broiler chicken farms suggests a high dependence on antimicrobials in poultry production in Zambia. In addition, socio-demographics such as gender and age, as well as farm characteristics and management practices, may primarily contribute to the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance. This study has demonstrated the association between the AMR of foodborne pathogens and the risk factors for AMR during poultry production. It is, therefore, necessary for risk management measures such as biosecurity to be put in place to target the identified AMR predictor variables. There is also a need to strengthen AMR surveillance to ensure intervention strategies are appropriate to the existing risk.References
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29. Mudenda S, Malama S, Munyeme M, Hang’ombe BM, Mainda G, Kapona O, Mukosha M, Yamba K, Bumbangi FN, Mfune RL. et al. Awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance and Associated Factors among Layer Poultry Farmers in Zambia: Implications for Surveillance and Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs. Antibiotics 2022; 11: 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11030383.
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33. Orubu ESF, Samad MA, Rahman MT, Zaman MH. and Wirtz VJ. Mapping the Antimicrobial Supply Chain in Bangladesh : A Scoping-Review-Based Ecological Assessment Approach. Global Health: Science and Practice, 2021; 9(3): 532–547. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00502
34. Phiri N, Mainda G, Mukuma M, Sinyangwe NN, Banda LJ, Kwenda G, Muonga E. M, Flavien BN, Mwansa M, Yamba K, Munyeme M. and Muma JB. Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in broiler chickens from farms, abattoirs, and open markets in selected districts of Zambia. 2020; 6(1): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.5430/jer.v6n1p13
35. Praveenkumarreddy Y, Akiba M, Guruge K, Balakrishna K, Vandana K. and Kumar V. Occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in sewage treatment plants of South India Yerabham Praveenkumarreddy , Masato Akiba, Keerthi Siri Guruge, Keshava Balakrishna, Kalwaje Eshwara Vandana and Virendra Kumar. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 2020; 10, (1): 48–55. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.051
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37. Spellberg B, Hansen GR, Kar A, Cordova CD, Price LB, and Johnson JR. Antibiotic Resistance in Humans and Animals. NAM Perspectives. 2016; 6 (6). doi:10.31478/201606d
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2. Abunna F, Tufa TB, Ayana D, and Mamo B. Salmonella: Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility tests on isolates collected from poultry farms in and around Modjo, Central Oromia, and Ethiopia. Journal of Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2016; 5 (2): 21-35. URL: http://www.japsc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Abunna-JAPSC-2016-5__2-21-35.pdf
3. Angulo FJ, Nargund VN and Chiller TC. Evidence of an Association Between Use of Anti-microbial Agents in Food Animals and Anti-microbial Resistance Among Bacteria Isolated from Humans and the Human Health Consequences of Such Resistance. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 2004; 51 (8-9): 374-379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00789.x
4. Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M. and Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries : causes and control strategies. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 2017; 6: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x
5. Boeckel TP, Van, Brower, C, Gilbert M, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, et al. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. PNAS 2015 ; 112 (18) : 5649-5654. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503141112
6. Chishimba K, Hang’ombe BM, Muzandu K, Mshana SE, Matee MI, Nakajima C. and Suzuki Y. Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Market-Ready Chickens in Zambia. International Journal of Microbiology, 2016; 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5275724
7. Chiyangi H, Muma JB, Malama S, Manyahi J, Abade A, Kwenda G, and Matee MI. Identification and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial enteropathogens from children aged 0 – 59 months at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia : a prospective cross-sectional study. February, 2017; 0–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2232-0
8. Cui M, Xie M, Qu Z, Zhao S, Wang J, Wang Y, He T, Wang H, Zuo Z, and Wu C. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from an integrated broiler chicken supply chain in Qingdao, China. Food Control, 2016; 62: 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.036
9. Davis GS, Waits K, Nordstrom L, Grande H, Weaver B, Papp K, Horwinski J, Koch B, Hungate BA, Liu CM. and Price LB. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli from retail poultry meat with different antibiotic use claims. BMC Microbiology, 2018; 18 (174): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1322-5
10. Djeffal S, Mamache B, Elgroud R, Hireche S. and Bouaziz O. Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. contamination in broiler chicken farms and slaughterhouses in the northeast of Algeria. 2018 ; 11: 1102–1108. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.1102-1108
11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), MEAT MARKET REVIEW, Emerging trends and outlook, December 2020.
12. Gardner I, Byrne BA, Leon M, Ovalle MV, Tafur MA. and Miller W. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella from Commercial Broiler Farms in Two Important Poultry-Producing Regions of Colombia. 2012; 75(5) : 874–883. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-458
13. Guo K, Zhao Y, Cui L, Cao Z. and Zhang F. The Influencing Factors of Bacterial Resistance Related to Livestock Farm : Sources and Mechanisms. 2(September), 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2021.650347
14. Hafez HM. and Attia YA. Challenges to the Poultry Industry : Current Perspectives and Strategic Future After the COVID-19 Outbreak. 7(August), 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00516
15. Hedman HD, Vasco KA. and Zhang L. A review of antimicrobial resistance in poultry farming within low‐resource settings. Animals, 2020;10, (8): 1–39. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081264
16. Kamweli M, Id A, Kwaga J, Okolocha E. and Mba N. Prevalence and risk factors for multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli among poultry workers in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. 2019; 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225379
17. Kapena MS, Muma JB, Mubita CM. and Munyeme M. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in raw retail table eggs in Lusaka, Zambia. Veterinary World, 2020; 13 (11): 2528–2533. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2528-2533
18. Kapona O. 2019. Molecular differentiation of multi-drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from three provinces in Zambia. Thesis, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
19. Karim R, Giasuddin M, Samad A, Mahmud MS, Islam R. and Rahman MH. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Poultry and Poultry Products in Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal Animal Biology 2017; 3 (4): 18–22.
20. Kasimanickam V, Kasimanickam M. and Kasimanickam R. Antibiotics Use in Food Animal Production: Escalation of Antimicrobial Resistance: Where Are We Now in Combating AMR? Medical Sciences (Basel). 2021; 9(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci9010014.
21. Kindu A. and Addis M. A survey on Salmonella infection among chicken flocks in Jimma town, Ethiopia. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2013; 7(14): 1239–1245. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.1429
22. Klous G, Huss A, Heederik DJJ, Coutinho RA. Human-livestock contacts and their relationship to the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, a systematic review of the literature. One Health. 2016; 2: 65-76. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.03.001
23. Makaya PV, Matope G. and Pfukenyi DM. Distribution of Salmonella serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Enteritidis from poultry in Zimbabwe Distribution of Salmonella serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Enteritidis from poultry in. 2012; 9457. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2012.667558
24. Mandal AK, Tasmim ST, Talukder S, Parvin MS, Hasan M, Ali Y. and Islam T. Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in broiler chickens, farm workers, and farm sewage in Bangladesh. 2022; 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.664
25. Masich AM, Vega AD, Callahan P, Herbert A, Fwoloshi S, Zulu PM, et al. Antimicrobial usage at a large teaching hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. PLoS ONE 2020; 15(2): e0228555. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228555
26. Matin MA, Khan WA, Karim MM, Ahmed S, John-langba J, Sankoh OA, Gyapong M, Kinsman J. and Wertheim H. What influences antibiotic sales in rural Bangladesh ? A drug dispensers ’ perspective. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 2020; 13(1): p.20.
27. Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. 2019. Summary Report-The 2017/2018 Livestock and Aquaculture Census. Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock Central Statsistics Office, Lusaka, Zambia.
28. Mtonga S, Nyirenda SS, Mulemba SS, Ziba MW. and Mainda G. Original Article Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic E . coli in chickens from selected poultry farms in Zambia. 2021; 5(1): 18–28. https://doi.org/10.22034/jzd.2021.12711
29. Mudenda S, Malama S, Munyeme M, Hang’ombe BM, Mainda G, Kapona O, Mukosha M, Yamba K, Bumbangi FN, Mfune RL. et al. Awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance and Associated Factors among Layer Poultry Farmers in Zambia: Implications for Surveillance and Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs. Antibiotics 2022; 11: 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11030383.
30. Muonga E, Mainda G, Mukuma M, Kwenda G, Hang’ombe B, Flavien BN, Phiri N, Mwansa M, Munyeme M. and Muma JB. Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from Retail Broiler Chicken Carcasses in Zambia. 2020; 6(1): 35–43. https://doi.org/10.5430/jer.v6n1p35
31. Mwansa S. 2013. COMPARATIVE INVESTMENT ANALYSIS FOR SMALL-SCALE BROILER AND LAYER ENTERPRISES IN ZAMBIA. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan Kansas, U. S. A.
32. Ngai DG, Nyamache AK. and Ombori O. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli isolate from poultry feed in Ruiru Sub-County, Kenya. BMC Research Notes, 2021; 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-021-05456-4
33. Orubu ESF, Samad MA, Rahman MT, Zaman MH. and Wirtz VJ. Mapping the Antimicrobial Supply Chain in Bangladesh : A Scoping-Review-Based Ecological Assessment Approach. Global Health: Science and Practice, 2021; 9(3): 532–547. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00502
34. Phiri N, Mainda G, Mukuma M, Sinyangwe NN, Banda LJ, Kwenda G, Muonga E. M, Flavien BN, Mwansa M, Yamba K, Munyeme M. and Muma JB. Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in broiler chickens from farms, abattoirs, and open markets in selected districts of Zambia. 2020; 6(1): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.5430/jer.v6n1p13
35. Praveenkumarreddy Y, Akiba M, Guruge K, Balakrishna K, Vandana K. and Kumar V. Occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in sewage treatment plants of South India Yerabham Praveenkumarreddy , Masato Akiba, Keerthi Siri Guruge, Keshava Balakrishna, Kalwaje Eshwara Vandana and Virendra Kumar. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 2020; 10, (1): 48–55. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.051
36. Sindato C, Mboera LEG, Katale BZ, Frumence G, Kimera S, Clark TG, Quigley HL, Mshana SE, Rweyemamu MM, and Matee M. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antimicrobial use and resistance among communities of Ilala, Kilosa and Kibaha districts of Tanzania. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 2020; 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00862-y
37. Spellberg B, Hansen GR, Kar A, Cordova CD, Price LB, and Johnson JR. Antibiotic Resistance in Humans and Animals. NAM Perspectives. 2016; 6 (6). doi:10.31478/201606d
38. Talukder S, Hasan MM, Mandal AK, Tasmim ST, Parvin MS, Ali MY, Nahar A, Islam MZ. and Islam MT. Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella in chickens, sewage, and workers of broiler farms in selected areas. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2021; 15(08): 1155-1166. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.14100
39. Tanwar J, Das S, Fatima Z. and Hameed S. Multidrug Resistance: An Emerging Crisis. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases, 2014; 1- 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/541340
40. WHO, 2014. Antimicrobial Resistance-Global Report on Surveillance. ISBN 978 924 1564748.
41. WHO, 2023. Antimicrobial resistance (who.int). Retrieved on 12th September, 2024.
42. Yu X, Zhu H, Bo Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, and Zhang J. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis isolated from broiler chickens in Shandong Province, China, 2013 – 2018. Poultry Science, 2018. 100, (2): 1016–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.079
Published
2024-10-15
How to Cite
1.
Mirisho R, Mukuma M, Mainda G, Bumbangi F, Mudenda S, Silwamba I, Phiri N, Muonga E, Mwansa M, Munyeme M, M’kandawire E, Muma J. Factors Associated with Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance in Broiler Chickens in Selected Districts, Zambia. Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences [Internet]. 15Oct.2024 [cited 31Jul.2025];8(1). Available from: https://journals.unza.zm/index.php/JABS/article/view/1279
Section
Veterinary Medicine
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