Effects of Bacillus Thuringiensis Var., Israelensis and Bacillus Sphaericus Mosquito Biolarvicides on Incidences of Malaria in Selected Areas of Lusaka Urban District, Zambia
Abstract
Effects of spraying the mosquito biolarvicides Bacillus thuringiensisvar. israelensis(Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus(Bs) over freshwater bodies in four selected areas of Lusaka urban district, on incidences of malaria in the areas were investigated. Incidences of malaria prior to and after larviciding of the study areas were determined by reviewing and analyzing health centre records of laboratory confirmed positive malaria cases in the study areas prior to and after larviciding. There were relatively higher incidences of malaria cases in all study areas prior to larviciding. Malaria cases dropped drastically by 53-72 % immediately after larviciding in all study areas. However, though numerically very small percent-wise, there were observed marked rises in incidences of positive diagnosed malaria cases in Chelstone study area by the second month. Three study areas; Chainda, Mtendere and Ng'ombe showed continued decline or had slight rises in the incidences of malaria two months after larviciding. Possible reasons for the observed slight rises in incidence in the areas were; importation of malaria by travelers from outside the Lusaka urban district. The deployment of Bti and Bs larvicides in the context of integrated vector management is likely to have long term impacts on incidences of malaria in Zambia.References
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2. Murray, C. J. L., Rosenfeld, L. C., Lim, S. S.,Andrews, K. G., Foreman, K. J., Harrying, D., Fullman,N., Naghavi, R. L., Lazano, R. andA. D. Lopez. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet, 2012;379:413-31.
3. Yakob, L. and G. Yan. Modeling the effects of integrating larval habitat source reduction and insecticide treated nets for malaria control. PloSONE 2009; 4(9): e6921, doi: 10.1371.Journal.Pone.0006921.
4. Shiff, C. Integrated Approach to Malaria Control. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2002;15(2):278-293.
5. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for testing mosquito adulticides for indoor residual spraying and treatment of mosquito nets in the control of neglected tropical diseases. WHO pesticide evaluation scheme. Geneva.2006;60 pp.
6. Utzinger, J., Tozan, Y., Doumani, F. and B.H. Singer. The economic payoffs of integrated malaria control in the Zambian Copperbelt between 1930 and 1950. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2002;7(8):657-677.
7. Beier, J.C., Keating, J., Githure, J.I., Macdolnald, M.B., Mwangangia, J.M., Muturib, E.J. and C.M. Mbogo. Integrated vector management for malaria control. Malaria Journal 2008;7(1):S4;2.
8. Fillinger, U., Kannady, K.,William, G., Vanek, M. J., Dongus, S., Nyika, D., Geissbuhler, Y., Chaki, P. P., Govella, N. J., Mathenge, E. M., Singer, B. H., Mshinda, H., Lindsay, S. W., Tanner, M., Mtasiwa, D., de Castro, M.C. and G.F. Killeen. A tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the Urban Malaria Control Programme in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania."Malaria journal.2008;7:20.
9. Chanda, E. The transmission attributes of peri-urban malaria in Lusaka, Zambia. UNZA, MSc Dissertation, 2007.
10. Chanda, E., Chanda, P., Namafente, O., Kandyata, A. and E. Chizema-Kawesha. Laboratory and field simulation trials: Comparative efficacy trials of Bacillus
thuringiensis var. israelensis and Abate against Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae (Culicidae: Diptera). Medical Journal of Zambia, 2007;34(2):53.57.
11. Chanda, E., Hermingwa, J., Kleinschmidt, I., Rehman, A.M., Ramdeen, V. Phiri, F.N., Coetzer, S., Mthembu, D., Shinondo, C.J., Chizema-Kawesha, E., Kamuliwo, M.,
Mukonka, V., Baboo, K.S. and M. Coleman. Insecticide resistance management and the future of malaria control in Zambia. PloS ONE, 2011; 6(9): e24336.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024336.
12. Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre. National Malaria control plan: Actions for scale-up for impact on malaria in Zambia. Lusaka.2009;77 pp
13. World Health Organization (WHO).World malaria report. Geneva.2009;66. pp.
14. Boisvert, M. Utilization of Bacillus thuringiensis var., israelensis (Bti)-based formulations f o r t h e biological control of mosquitoes in Canada. The Pacific Rim Conference on the Biotechnology of Bacillus thuringiensis and its Environmental Impact. Victoria, BC. 2005.
15. Kalfon, A., Larget-Thiery, I., Charles, J.-F. and H. de Barjac. Growth, sporulation and larvicidal activity of Bacillus sphaericus. European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1983;18:168-173.
16. Kandyata, A., Mbata, K.J., Shinondo, C.J., Katongo, C., Kamuliwo, R., Nyirenda, F. and E. Chanda. Impacts of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus insect Larvicides on Mosquito Larval Densities in Selected Areas of Lusaka Urban District, Zambia 2012.;13pp(inpress).
17. Ministry of Health, Larviciding brochure. National Larviciding Programme Brochure. Unpublished Data, Lusaka.2011;4pp
18. Killeen, G. F., Fillinger, U. and B. G. J. Knols.Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: Low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. Malaria Journal, 2002; 1:8.
19. Fillinger, U. and S.W. Lindsay. Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in rural Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2006;11(11):1-14.
20. Geisbühler, Y., Kannady, K., Chaki, P. P., Emidi, B. and N.J. Govella. Microbial LarvicideApplication by a Large-Scale, Community-Based Program Reduces Malaria Infection Prevalence in Urban Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. P L o S O N E 2 0 0 9 ; 4 ( 3 ) : e 5 1 0 7 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005107.
21. Keating, J., J. M. Miller,A. Bennett, H. B. Moonga, and T.P. Eisele. Plasmodium falciparum parasite infection prevalence from a household survey in Zambia using microscopy and a rapid diagnostic test: implications for monitoring and evaluation. Acta Trop. 2009; 112(3): 277-282.
22. Ministry of Health,. Lusaka District IRS Report (Unpublished). Lusaka. 2011;16pp
23. Majambere, S., Pinder, M., Fillinger U., Ameh, D.,Conway, D. J., Green, C., Jeffries, D., Jawara, N., Milligan, P.J., Hutchinson, R.. and S. W. Lindsay. Is Mosquito Larval Source Management Appropriate for Reducing Malaria in Areas of Extensive Flooding in The Gambia? A Cross-Over Intervention Trial. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2010; 82(2): 176–184.
24. Fillinger, U., Ndenga, B., Githeko, A. and S. Lindsay. Integrated malaria vector control with microbial larvicides and insecticide treated bed nets in the western Kenyan Highlands. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation,2009; 87 (9):655–65.
25. Yohannes, M., Haile, M., Ghebreyesus, T. A., Witten, K.H., Getachew,A., Byass, P. and S. W. Lindsay. Can source reduction of mosquito larval habitat reduce malaria transmission in Tigray, Ethiopia? Tropical medicine and international health. 2005; 10(12):1274-1285.
26. Fillinger, U. and S. W. Lindsay. "Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: myths and reality." Malaria journal,2011;10:353.
Published
2014-03-31
How to Cite
1.
Kandyata A, Mbata K, Shinondo C, Katongo C, Kamuliwo R, Nyirenda F, Chanda E. Effects of Bacillus Thuringiensis Var., Israelensis and Bacillus Sphaericus Mosquito Biolarvicides on Incidences of Malaria in Selected Areas of Lusaka Urban District, Zambia. Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences [Internet]. 31Mar.2014 [cited 26Aug.2025];2(1). Available from: https://journals.unza.zm/index.php/JABS/article/view/341
Section
Biomedical Sciences
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